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			Geospatial data processing systems, spatial analysis applications, geographic information systems (GIS), location-based services, Earth observation systems, and spatial computing platforms handling global-scale geographic data.
		
		
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			In geospatial data processing applications, do Discrete Global Grid Systems provide superior performance, accuracy, scalability, and efficiency compared to traditional coordinate reference systems and spatial indexing methods?
		
		
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			Traditional coordinate reference systems (latitude/longitude, UTM), conventional spatial indexing methods (R-trees, quadtrees), regular grid systems, tile-based mapping approaches, and other non-hierarchical spatial data structures.
		
		
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			Implementation and deployment of Discrete Global Grid Systems (DGGS) including hierarchical spatial indexing frameworks such as hexagonal grid systems (H3, DGGRID), triangular grids, diamond grids, and other multi-resolution global grid architectures.
		
		
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			Effectiveness of Discrete Global Grid Systems in Geospatial Data Processing: A Systematic Review
		
		
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			Current geospatial systems face challenges with multi-scale global data due to projection distortions and indexing limitations. DGGS promises to address these issues, but no comprehensive synthesis exists comparing DGGS performance against established approaches. This review will provide evidence-based guidance for DGGS adoption.
		
	
	
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