sub:provenance {
  beldoc: dce:description "Approximately 61,000 statements." ;
    dce:rights "Copyright (c) 2011-2012, Selventa. All rights reserved." ;
    dce:title "BEL Framework Large Corpus Document" ;
    pav:authoredBy sub:_6 ;
    pav:version "20131211" .
  sub:_4 dce:identifier "AHA Abstracts 621" ;
    dce:title "AHA Abstracts 621" ;
    dce:type "Other" .
  sub:_5 prov:value "3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors have shown beneficial effects in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases as lipid lowering drugs. Recent work points to cholesterol-independent actions such as inhibition of isoprenylation and activation of G proteins. Angiotensin II (AngII) participates in the development of fibrosis during vascular damage. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) has been described as a novel fibrotic mediator. Our aim was to investigate whether HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors could modulate AngII responses, investigating in vascular smooth muscle cells the effect on CTGF expression. Results: In growth-arrested VSMC, AngII, via AT1 receptor, induced CTGF mRNA expression (Northern) and protein production (5-fold vs control; 10-7 mol/L AngII at 24 h; Western). A CTGF antisense oligonucleotide decreased AngII-induced fibronectin synthesis, suggesting that CTGF could be a mediator of fibrogenic effects of AngII. Pretreatment of VSMC with simvastatin (10-7 mol/L to 10-10mol/L) time and dose-dependently inhibited AngII-induced CTGF production (maximal 10-7mol/L: 80% inhibition vs AngII; Western). The inhibition of CTGF expression was prevented when cells were incubated with mevalonate, geranylgeranylpyrophosphate and, in a lesser extend, with farnesylpyrophospate. Different receptors coupled to G proteins, including AT1, activate p21ras and Rho kinase. Overexpression of dominant negative mutant of RhoA suppressed CTFG induction by AngII. The inhibitor of Rho kinase Y-27632, dose-dependently decreased AngII-induced CTGF production, implicating RhoA as a signaling module downstream of AngII and showing that the Rho-kinase pathway may be a novel target to inhibit AngII signaling. Conclusions: Our data suggest that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, via Rho proteins, regulate AngII-induced CTGF, a protein related to the development of fibrosis, suggesting that some of the beneficial effects of these drugs could be due to modulation of AngII-mediated vascular damage, explaining cholesterol independent protective effects." ;
    prov:wasQuotedFrom sub:_4 .
  sub:_6 rdfs:label "Selventa" .
  sub:assertion prov:hadPrimarySource sub:_4 ;
    prov:wasDerivedFrom beldoc: , sub:_5 .
}